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Female And Female Gender Roles - 3513 Words

Literature throughout history has displayed to us the evolution of the male and female gender roles in society. Women have been described as ‘the angel in the house,’ whilst men are typified as dominant and prevailing in comparison to women. The gothic genre in literature is used to personify and exaggerate these stereotypes, by using gothic motifs such as dream sequences and themes such as horror and terror. Not only does the gothic exaggerate the stereotypes, but it also allows them to be contravened, due to the transgressive nature of the genre. The psychoanalytical aspect of this genre, allows for repressed desires to be made eminent and therefore characters can transgress and in the process, cross their contemporary gender boundaries. Keats uses the gothic device of Negative capability in order to conceal the transgression of the females in his poetry, Carter revised gothic fairytales in order to display them from a feminist approach and Stoker uses gothic themes, set against the backdrop of the fluidity of Fin de sià ¨cle period, to allow characters to stray from their gender stereotypes. Victorian women were supposed to be both ‘selflessly devoted,’ to their children and ‘submissive,’ to their husbands, according to Coventry Patmore. However due to the trepidation of sexual mayhem that arose during the nineteenth century, society retaliated by recoiling from the idea of a woman having any sexual emancipation. This response was typical of the ‘Fin de Sià ¨cle’ period andShow MoreRelatedGender Roles For Females And Females Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: In American society, social norms have created distinct gender roles for males and females. These gender roles attribute specific traits and behaviors to each sex that has influenced the way women and men tend to act, think, and behave towards one another. Specifically, these gender roles not only affect helping behavior as the type of help that is given, but also, the help received can depend on the sex of an individual (Eagly and Crawley, 1986). According to stereotype studiesRead MoreSurviving Female Gender Roles1133 Words   |  5 PagesSurviving Female Gender Roles What defines being ‘feminine’ will vary with each culture, but two archetypes: passive homemaker and liberal feminist have existed for centuries as one will see in two Japanese stories written in the 17th century. In The Love Suicides at Amijima, readers see the social chains that bind a submissive woman to her societal duties. On the other hand, in Tales of Sensuous Women, readers are shown a complete opposite archetype where women find ways to circumvent the socialRead MoreGender Roles Of Female Characters1479 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the eras, literature has mirrored the social changes taking place in English society specifically in regards to gender roles of female characters. The Elizabethan era, which lasted from 1558 to 1603, is often referred to as the golden age by historians where many transitions in English society regarding marriage and gender took place (Ivic 110). It was a time in which wives were viewed as the property of their husbands (Ivic 11 0). However, every woman was expected to marry and be dependentRead MoreGender Roles : Undermining The Female Gender1732 Words   |  7 PagesGender Roles: Undermining the Female Gender From birth, everyone was assigned a certain gender and are socialized to conform to certain gender roles based on their biological sex. Gender roles are standards created by society. Masculine roles are usually associated with dominance, strength, and aggression, while feminine roles are associated with nurturing, passivity, and subordination. This is where the term â€Å"gender inequality† becomes a major issue because to society men are supposedly the predominantRead MoreFemale Athletes And Gender Roles1790 Words   |  8 Pagesissues when it comes to gender roles, gender norms, and gender identities. Many men and women in today’s society freely choose the way they want to present themselves to society; which is either masculine or feminine. A lot of these characteristics are accepted, and a lot are not accepted in society today. There are many social stigmas that come along with being a female athlete; meaning there is major social criticism with how they choose to present themselves to society. Gender is a symbol for a strongRead MoreFemale Characters Overthrowing Gender Roles1101 Words   |  5 Pagesthink of. 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Women were described with marianismo, seen as delicate and pure -whose sole purpose was to produce babiesRead MorePortrayal Of Female Empowerment And Gender Roles Essay1894 Words   |  8 Pagescomponent, and having authority over others is critical in legitimizing that power. Women consistently lack agency and power, especially in political spheres. Fantastical worlds, like HBO’s television series Game of Thrones (GoT), portray women in roles of empowerment, but their power is contingent on men and on their own sexuality. Despite gaining positions in political power, women only attain that power or can only use that power in the realm of men and masculinity. This essay argues that womenRead MoreGender Roles Associated With Male And Female Sexuality920 Words   |  4 Pagesidentified as either clearly male or female. When children are born with ambiguous genitals, medical professionals often advise parents to opt for genital-normalization surgery. This procedure is used in an attempt to â€Å"resolve† some of the ambiguity and reconstruct the genitalia to more closely resemble the common features associated with male and female sexuality. After the surgery, the intersex individuals are raised in a manner consistent with the gender roles associated with their genitals. HoweverRead MoreGender Roles Of Female Characters In Disneys Frozen807 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the post-2000s to today, gender roles still remain as one of the big topics. Compared to society’s ideologies of women in 1930s, women are shown to be intelligent, active, and most importantly, independent. The portrayal of female characters with such characteristics is apparent in Disney’s contemporary film, Frozen (2013). The film portrays two female protagonists, Princess Anna and Queen Elsa. The theme of the film is family; the film starts out with childish, sisterly relationships, which

China Cosmetics Market free essay sample

Retail value of cosmetics by wholesale and retail enterprises above designated size*, 2005-2009 80. 0 70. 0 60. 0 Billion yuan 50. 0 40. 0 30. 0 20. 0 10. 0 0. 0 2005 2006 Sales value 2007 2008 2009 Growth 5% 0% 38. 7 33. 5 48. 8 20% % yoy 15% 10% 59. 7 74. 0 30% 25% †¢ yoy growth (%) Cosmetics FY09 1Q10 1H10 1-3Q10 16. 9 15. 6 15. 8 16. 3 Source: National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS) *Designated size: with annual sales of 5 million yuan or above and with an employment of or over 60. 4 Retail price of cosmetics in China on a rising trend †¢ Cosmetics retail price has been on a rising trend since July 2010. Retail Price Indices of Cosmetics in China, January 2009 – October 2010 (Same Month of Preceding Year =100) 101. 4 101. 2 101. 0 100. 8 100. 6 100. 4 100. 2 100. 0 99. 8 99. 6 99. 4 Ja n09 Fe b M ar Ap r M ay Ju n Ju l Au g Se p O ct No v De Ja c n10 Fe b M ar Ap M r ay Ju n Ju Au l g Se p O ct Source: NBS 5 Increasing margin pressure on cosmetics enterprises †¢ †¢ Although retail price has been on a rising trend, industry players said that it has lagged behind the cost increase. Increase in costs such as rental, labor, logistics, advertisement, and slotting fee etc. are exerting heavy pressure on cosmetics enterprises. Many cosmetics players, especially those with poorer brand equity, have witnessed their profit margin eroding. †¢ 6 II. Competitive landscape 7 Foreign players have a strong foothold in the mid-range to high-end segments †¢ Comparatively, foreign players have a more extensive brand portfolio than domestic players. (See Appendix) †¢ Foreign players have a strong foothold in the mid-range to high-end segments. †¢ China has become one of the most important markets for many foreign cosmetics companies. – Greater China is the second largest market for Procter Gamble, after the North American market. According to Access Asia, the sales of PG in China reached 13. 23 billion yuan in 2009, with a market share of 19%. – L’Oreal International sees China as its major growth engine: Garnier recorded a sales growth rate of 61. 2% yoy in China in 2009; L’Oreal Paris recorded 25. 5% yoy growth in China market’s sales in 2009. 8 Foreign enterprises have acquired a number of renowned domestic brands †¢ As a shortcut to acquire resources such as brand equity, local connections and distribution channels, a number of foreign cosmetics players have been actively exploring merger and acquisitions (MAs) opportunities. A number of well-known local brands were acquired by foreign brands over the past years. Homegrown cosmetics brands that had been acquired by foreign companies: – Acquisition of Dabao ( ) by Johnson Johnson in 2008 – Acquisition of C-Bons ( ) by Beiersdorf in 2007 – Acquisitions of Yue-sai ( ) and Mininurse ( ) by L’Oreal in 2004 †¢ †¢ In December 2010, Coty Inc. , one of the leading global beauty companies, had agreed to acquire a majority stake (~400 million USD) in domestic skincare group TJoy Holdings Ltd ( ). The acquisition is expected to close in January 2011. 9 Domestic brands are more popular in lower-end segments †¢ Domestic brands generally priced lower and target the mass and lower-end segments. They have less extensive brand portfolio compared with foreign counterparts. (See Appendix) Though generally weaker in brand building and supply chain management, a number of domestic players have strived hard to move up the value ladder. Some are developing new brands to target higher-income consumers. – e. g. the launch of Herborist ( ) and ShanghaiVive ( ) by Shanghai Jahwa co. Ltd ( ). 10 †¢ †¢ †¢ Many new players are tapping the market An increasing number of retailers in China such as Wal-Mart, Watsons, Sephora and Sasa have launched private label cosmetics products in recent years to improve profitability. Brands from other industries also jump on the bandwagon to offer cosmetics products. – For example, Swedish apparel brand HM launched a new line of Ecocert certified organic-ingredient-based skin care p roducts in 2010, including shower gel, body scrub, moisturizer, hand cream and lip balm etc. – Fujifilm introduced its skincare products (Astalift) to mainland China and Hong Kong markets in 2010. The brand Astalift is also available in Taobao Mall, one of China’s most popular online shopping platforms. †¢ 11 III. Latest developments 12 Department stores, supermarkets and hypermarkets remained the major distribution channels †¢ According to Access Asia, department stores(56. 2%), hypermarkets and supermarkets (20. 2%) were the major distribution channels for cosmetics and toiletries* by sales in China in 2009. Some other emerging channels that are gaining popularity: – Professional stores Watsons, Sasa, Sephora and Cosmart ( ) – Beauty parlors Herborist SPA ( SPA), Chlitina ( ) and Natural Beauty SPA ( SPA ) – Online retailing platforms Corporate websites Integrated B2C online retailing platforms Professional online stores L’Oreal, DHC, Lancome, Estee Lauder, Clinique, Biorthem Joyo Amazon Taobao mall (http://beauty. tmall. com/) strawberrynet. com, Sasa. com, www. sephora. cn †¢ †¢ Many players have opted for multi-channel operations 13 *Include Baby Care, Bath Shower, Deodorants, Hair Care, Make-up and Colour cosmetics, Men’s Toiletries, Oral Hygiene, Perfumes Fragrances, Skin Care and Sun Care. Cosmetics retailers are accelerating their penetration into China †¢ Sephora, which has already established presence in more than 20 cities including Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin, had planned to open 100 stores by the end of 2010. It has begun to expand to many 2nd- or 3rdtier cities such as Wuxi, Wenzhou, Changsha and Changshu. Management of Sasa said in 2010 that it planned to increase the store number to 100 in two and half years. Watsons, the leading health and beauty retail chain in Asia, has opened more than 700 outlets in more than 100 cities of mainland China as of December 2010. Watsons aims to have 1,000 outlets by the end of 2011, covered more than 100 cities of mainland China. †¢ †¢ 14 Massive advertising by cosmetics companies †¢ According to CTR, the cosmetics and toiletries industry was the biggest spender (67. 1 billion yuan), during 1-3Q 2010 on advertising in China when compared to other industries. Cosmetics players have spent huge sums of money on advertising in China. According to CTR, PG was the biggest spender (25. 0 billion yuan) on advertising in China during 1-3Q 2010, followed by LO’real (9. 1 billion yuan) and Unilever (8. 3 billion yuan). PG has been the biggest spender at the annual auction for prime time advertising slots of the China Central Television (CCTV) for the past few years. Advertising on China’s largest national television network enables PG to promote brand awareness. Thus far, celebrity endorsement is one of the most popular methods for players to create noise in the market. †¢ – 15 Male grooming market is growing fast †¢ The male grooming market is growing very fast and still has much untapped potential. According to HKTDC, men’s cosmetics accounted for 12. 7% of the total cosmetics market in 2008. The segment is expected to grow exponentially for the next few years. The sales of male specific skincare products of brands such as Nivea, L’Oreal, Biotherm and Garnier etc has been growing rapidly. LO’real reported that sales in men’s skincare products in China rose by 27% in 2009 and the company expected it to increase by 40% in 2010, five times the increase of women’s skincare products. Domestic companies such as TJoy ( ), Bawang ( ), GF (? ?), Softto ( ) and Inoherb ( ) etc. are increasingly keen to offer cosmetics for men as well. †¢ †¢ †¢ 16 More players tap into the cosmeceuticals market †¢ Many players (including pharmaceutical companies) have introduced cosmeceuticals in the past few years. Companies such as Beijing Tongrentang ( ), Shanghai Jahwa ( ), Jiangsu Longliqi ( ),Yunnan Baiyao (? ), China Shenghuo Pharmaceutical ( ), Herborn ( ),Herborist ( ), Inoherb ( ) and Shiseido have tapped the cosmeceuticals market. Distribution channels for cosmeceuticals include mainly drug stores, dispensary chains and counters in department stores. †¢ †¢ 17 Demand for natural and organic cosmetics is growing †¢ Demand for natural and organic products is growing amid increasing awareness of sustainability. Aveda, Origins, Yves Rocher, Clarins, Sisley, Jurlique, and L’Occitane are some well-known brands that offer natural and organic ingredient-based cosmetics products. †¢ 18 More stringent regulations on cosmetics †¢ The State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) issued the Regulations on Naming of Cosmetics ( ), which was effective from February 2010. – Wordings, such as names of well-known traditional Chinese herbalists (e. g. Huatuo , Bianque ), are prohibited. Besides, the products should not include wordings such as â€Å"anti bacteria†, â€Å"detox†, â€Å"anti-allergy†, â€Å"fat burning† and â€Å"truly natural† in their names. Implemented by China’s General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), the Instruction for Use of Products of Consumer Interest – General Labeling of Cosmetics ( ) was effective from July 2010. – Cosmetics companies are required to display detailed information such as ingredients, expiry date etc on the labeling. 19 Buying cosmetics products abroad is popular †¢ Chinese tourists spent a fairly large proportion on shopping (32%), as compared to food (12%) and accommodation (11%). Cosmetics are top on their buying list. With increasing income, Renminbi appreciation against US dollar and easing travel restrictions, many Chinese consumers shop for cosmetics products abroad. Luxury cosmetics products in mainland are generally more expensive than that in overseas markets. Currently, a consumption tax of 30% is levied on luxury and high-end cosmetics in China. Mainland tourists like to travel abroad to purchase cosmetics due to cheaper price and more product varieties. Please refer to our newsletter China’s Outbound Tourism : â€Å"http://www. lifunggroup. com/eng/knowledge/research/china_dis_issue 75. pdf† for more information. 20 †¢ †¢ †¢ Other trends to watch †¢ Multi-functional products (e. g. color cosmetics with skincare function, BB Cream etc. ) are gaining popularity. More players now try to incorporate advanced biotechnologies in new product developments, e. g. sulphate-free shampoo. Kids’ cosmetics market is still underdeveloped. Major players include Frog Prince ( ), Coati ( ), Mentholatum, Yumeijing ( ) and Johnson Johnson. †¢ †¢ 21 IV. Snapshots of subsector performance 22 Background †¢ The China National Commercial Information Centre (CNCIC) conducts monthly survey to around 200 major department stores* in China to study the performance of different cosmetics sub-sectors. In this newsletter, performance of 5 sub-sectors is examined: – – – – – Shampoos and conditioners Other hair care products Skincare products Color cosmetics Fragrances †¢ *Note: It is noteworthy that the CNCIC data covers sales in major department stores only. Retailers of other formats such as specialty stores are growing in popularity. The actual overall market share of cosmetics brands may deviate from the CNCIC data. 23 China’s cosmetics market is relatively concentrated †¢ †¢ Top 10 players in the 5 major sub-sectors achieved over 70% of the market share in department stores in 2009. Top 10 players in the shampoos and conditioners sub-sector achieved more than 95% of the market share in 2009. Market share of top 10 brands of selected sectors, 2009 Share of total sales value (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Shampoos and conditioners Other hair care products Skincare products Color cosmetics Fragrances 95. 19 79. 85 71. 82 70. 70 72. 10 Source: China National Commercial Information Centre (CNCIC) 24 Performance of selective product sectors Shampoos, conditioners and 2-in-1 conditioning shampoos: share of total sales value, 2009 Other hair care products (colorants, hair mask styling agents): share of total sales value, 2009 Share of total sales value(%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Share of total sales value (%) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Rejoice (PG) 10. 12 6. 88 17. 68 Bawang (Bawang International) Slek (C-Bons Group*) *Beiersdorf acquired 85% stake in C-BONS Hair Care in 2007. Source: CNCIC L’Oreal (LOreal ) (Savol) 6. 37 Pantene Pro-V Head Shoulders (PG) (PG) 20. 41 25. 24 Youngrace (Youngrace Cosmetics Group) Decolor (Guangzhou Decolor Cosmetics) Maestro (C-Bons Group*) 17. 95 12. 48 11. 04 10. 1 25 Performance of selective product sectors (Cont’d) Skin care products: share of total sales value, 2009 Color cosmetics: share of total sales value, 2009 Share of total sales value (%) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Share of total sales value (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 27. 20 12. 62 6. 13 5. 79 4. 87 Lancome (LOreal ) 5. 31 7. 96 CD Christian Dior (Christian Dior (China) Fragrance Source: CNCIC Es tee Lauder (Estee Lauder) Olay Aupres (Shiseido) 16. 22 Aupres L’Oreal (LOreal ) 17. 98 LOreal Olay (PG) 19. 02 Maybelline (LOreal ) (LOreal ) (Shiseido) (PG) 26 Performance of selective product sectors (Cont’d) Facial cleanser for men: share of total sales value, 2009 Fragrances: share of total sales value, 2009 share of total sales value (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 5 Share of total sales value (%) 10 15 20 19. 75 16. 08 9. 24 6. 81 5. 07 25 TJOY (Nanjing Jianong Chemical Co Ltd) 6. 03 Source: CNCIC Mentholatum (Mentholatum) 13. 16 Lancome L’Oreal (LOreal ) Biore (Kao) 16. 02 14. 30 Christian Dior CD (Christian Dior (China) Fragrance Cosmetics) BOSS (Hugo Boss AG) Burberry (Inter Parfums) (LOreal ) Nivea (Beiersdorf) 38. 31 Chanel (Chanel SA) 27

Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay Example

Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay I have taken for my survey one chapter from the book Marx and human nature by Norman Geras. In the 2nd chapter Norman Geras trades with the human nature and historical philistinism. Although many Marxists denied Marx’s theory of human nature that there was a human nature to be found in Marx’s words. there is in fact a Marxist construct of human nature which remains. to some grade. changeless throughout history and across societal boundaries. The sixth of the Theses on Feuerbach provided the rudimentss for this reading of Marx harmonizing to which there was no ageless human nature to be found in his plants. Feuerbach resolves the kernel of faith into the kernel of adult male human nature. But the kernel of adult male is no abstraction inherent in each individual person. In world. it is the ensemble of the societal dealingss. Feuerbach. who does non come in upon a unfavorable judgment of this existent kernel. is therefore obliged: Human nature Thus. Marx appears to state that human nature is no more than what is made by the societal dealingss. Norman Geras’ Marx’s Theory of Human Nature. nevertheless. offers an highly elaborate statement against this place. In lineation. Geras shows that. while the societal dealingss are held to find the nature of people. they are non the lone such determiner. In fact. Marx makes statements where he specifically refers to a human nature which is more than what is conditioned by the fortunes of one’s life. In Capital. in a footer reviewing utilitarianism. he says that utilitarian’s must think with human nature in general. and so with human nature as modified in each historical era. Marx is reasoning against an abstract construct of human nature. offering alternatively an history rooted in sensuous life. We will write a custom essay sample on Karl Marx and Human Nature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Karl Marx and Human Nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Karl Marx and Human Nature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While he is rather expressed that persons express their life. so they are. Hence what persons are depends on the material conditions of their production. he besides believes that human nature will condition ( against the background of the productive forces and dealingss of production ) the manner in which persons express their life. History involves a uninterrupted transmutation of human nature. though this does non intend that every facet of human nature is entirely variable ; what is transformed need non be entirely transformed. Marx did knock the inclination to transform into ageless Torahs of nature and of ground. the societal signifiers jumping from your present manner of production and signifier of belongings. a procedure sometimes called hypostatization. For this ground. he would probably hold wanted to knock certain facets of some histories of human nature. Human existences jointly work on nature but do non make the same work ; there is a division of labour in which people non merely do different occupations. but harmonizing to Marxist theory. some people live from the work of others by having the agency of production. How this is complete depends on the type of society. Production is carried out through really definite dealingss between people. And. in bend. these production dealingss are determined by the degree and character of the productive forces that are present at any given clip in history. For Marx. productive forces refer to the agencies of production such as the tools. instruments. engineering. land. natural stuffs. and human cognition and abilities in footings of utilizing these agencies of production. Human nature. Marx’s ethical idea and disaffection Gears says of Marx’s work that: Whatever else it is. theory and socio-historical account. and scientific as it may be. that work is a moral indictment resting on the construct of indispensable human demands. an ethical point of view. in other words. in which a position of human nature is involved. Alienation. for Marx. is the alienation of worlds from facets of their human nature. Since – as we have seen – human nature consists in a peculiar set of critical thrusts and inclinations. whose exercising constitutes booming ; disaffection is a status wherein these thrusts and inclinations are stunted. For indispensable powers. disaffection substitutes disempowerment for doing one’s ain life one’s object. one’s life going an object of capital. Marx believes that disaffection will be a characteristic of all society before communism. The antonym of. disaffection is actualization or self-activity- the activity of the ego. controlled by and for the ego. Human nature and the enlargement of the productive forces It has been held by several authors that it is Marx’s construct of human nature which explains the primacy thesis’ refering the enlargement of the productive forces. which harmonizing to Marx. is itself the cardinal drive force of history. If true. this would do his history of human nature possibly the most cardinal facet of his work. Geras writes. historical philistinism itself. this whole typical attack to society that originates with Marx. rests forthrightly upon the thought of a human nature. It highlights that specific link of cosmopolitan demands and capacities which explains the human productive procedure and man’s organized transmutation of the stuff environment ; which procedure and transmutation it treats in bend as the footing both of the societal order and of historical alteration. The tendency’s liberty is merely its independency of societal construction. its rootedness in cardinal stuff facts of human nature and the human state of affairs. Historical advancement consists basically in the growing of people’s abilities to determine and command the universe about them. This is the most basic manner in which they develop and express their human kernel. Historical philistinism Historical philistinism started from a cardinal implicit in world of human being: that in order for human existences to last and go on being from coevals to coevals. it is necessary for them to bring forth and reproduce the stuff demands of life. Marx so extended this premiss by asseverating the importance of the fact that. in order to transport out production and exchange. people have to come in into really definite societal dealingss. most basically production dealingss. Norman Geras analyzed historical philistinism and postulated that society has moved through a figure of types or manners of production. That is. the character of the production dealingss is determined by the character of the productive forces ; these could be the simple tools and instruments of early human being. or the more developed machinery and engineering of present age. The chief manners of production Marx identified by and large include crude communism or tribal society ( a prehistoric phase ) . ancient society. feudal system. and capitalist economy. In each of these societal phases. people interact with nature and bring forth their life in different ways. Any excess from that production is allotted in different ways. Ancient society was based on a governing category of slave proprietors and a category of slaves ; feudal system was based on landholders and helot ; and capitalist economy based on the capitalist category and the on the job category. The capitalist category in private owns the agency of production. distribution and exchange ( e. g. . mills. mines. stores and Bankss ) while the on the job category unrecorded by interchanging their socialized labour with the apitalist category for rewards. Marx identified the production dealingss of society ( originating on the footing of given productive forces ) as the economic base of society. He besides explained that on the foundation of the economic base their arise certain political establishments. Torahs. imposts. civilization. etc. . and thoughts. ways of thought. morality. etc. These constituted the political/ideological superstructure of society. This superstructure non merely has its beginning in the economic base. but its characteristics besides finally correspond to the character and development of that economic base. i. . the manner people organize society is determined by the economic base and the dealingss that arise from its manner of production. Historical philistinism can be seen to rest on the undermentioned rules: 1. The footing of human society is how humans work on nature to bring forth the agencies of subsistence. 2. There is a division of labour into societal categories ( dealingss of production ) based on belongings ownership where some people live from the labour of others. 3. The system of category division is dependent on the manner of production. 4. The manner of production is based on the degree of the productive forces. 5. Society moves from phase to present when the dominant category is replaced by a new emerging category. by subverting the political shell that enforces the old dealingss of production no longer matching to the new productive forces. This takes topographic point in the superstructure of society. the political sphere in the signifier of revolution. whereby the lower class liberates the productive forces with new dealingss of production. and societal dealingss. matching to it. Human nature and historical philistinism Marx’s theory of history efforts to depict the manner in which worlds change their environments and ( in dialectical relation ) their environments alter them every bit good. That is Not merely do the nonsubjective conditions change in the act of reproduction. e. g. the small town becomes a town. the wilderness a cleared field etc. but the manufacturers change. excessively. in that they bring out new qualities in themselves. develop themselves in production. transform themselves. develop new powers and thoughts. new demands and new linguistic communication. The first premiss of all human history is. of class. the being of life human persons. Thus the first fact to be established is the physical organisation of these persons and their attendant relation to the remainder of nature. Therefore History does nil. it possesses no huge wealth. and it wages no conflicts. It is adult male. existent. populating adult male who does all that. who possesses and battles ; history is non. as it were. a individual apart. utilizing adult male as a agency to accomplish its ain purposes ; history is nil but the activity of adult male prosecuting his purposes. So we can see that. even before we begin to see the precise character of human nature. existent. life worlds. and the activity of adult male prosecuting his purposes is the really building block of Marx’s theory of history. Humans act upon the universe. altering it and themselves ; and in making so they make history. But even beyond this. human nature plays two cardinal functions. In the first topographic point. it is portion of the account for the growing of the productive forces. which Marx conceives of as the driving force of history. Second. the peculiar demands and thrusts of worlds explain the category hostility which is generated under capitalist economy. Decision and critical comments Here I would wish to state that Marxist philosophical anthropology is one sided. Its construct of human nature and human good overlooks the demand for ego individuality than which nil is more basically human. The effect of this is held to be that Marx and his followings have underestimated the importance of phenomena. such as faith and patriotism. which satisfy the demand for self individuality. In the survey of human nature and historical philistinism. history is what is made by human existences and its nature. Harmonizing to Marx human existences are working and altering the universe. Marx ignored all other factors that at work in the development of history. History has been developed non merely by human existences but besides through assorted elements. Historical philistinism is caused by the production of things and at that place by originating societal relationships. Here it implies that economic system is the basic construction of society that controls and develops. But it is a reductionist attack. it is impossible to cut down the basic construction as economic dealingss entirely.

buy custom Challenges in Multi-Generational Staff in the Nursing Profession essay

buy custom Challenges in Multi-Generational Staff in the Nursing Profession essay A pestilent menace plagues the nursing profession. Generational mistrust has ruined the social civility in the workplace, with dire consequences. Generational antagonism in value systems has led to toxic work environments where nursing staff are making the drastic decisions to quit the profession for good. Research is pointing to fact that nurse have a different work environment from other medical persons that needs to be improved inclusively (Wilson, Squires, Widger, and Cranley Tourangeau, 2008); On the contrarily, critics are quick to point out the observable difference in viewpoints that nurses have on their unit climate whereby blame has been heaped on the blatant incivility among nurses of different generations towards each other to encourage teamwork (Leiter, Price Spence, 2010). Broad reforms are necessary in the nursing work environment to ensure that the profession mitigates loss in confidence due to wanting integrity. Stakeholders have been called upon to help organize n urses to curb forecasted future shortages of nurses due to poor working environment and culture. The purpose of this report is to highlight the problems that exist in the workplaces in which nurses are continually exposed to, the price the stakeholders might have to pay in future for the destructive trend, some feasible solutions available for consideration and a brief conclusion of the report. Introduction Generational differences have caused mayhem in the social relationships among nursing staff (Kupperschmidt, 2006). Intergenerational conflicts are an issue of concern for the stakeholders in the sector, and one in need of immediate redress. Each generation has various strengths and vulnerabilities inherent in its value systems. Opposing generations of nurses are operating the same profession without proper guidance to help bridge the generational gap observable in culture, professionalism ethics and information. Different age groups of nurses occupy different ranks within the management ladder and thus conflict and discord are bound to happen due to generational discrepancy. Young nurses find themselves dealing with stressful work environment stereotypically created by the older generation as a result of working consistently in poor working environment. Sharp opposition to old value such as hard-work have lost value in the system following a change in economic perspective whereby nur se are concern to know if their effort is appreciated through motivational reward schemes. Leadership Problems in Nursing Generational differences subsist in the workplaces among the nurses. According to Leiter, Price, Spence, (2010), there is a lot of tension between the generation X nurses and the Baby Boomer nurses in their social interactions. The generation X workers experienced more disharmonies from their coworkers mainly from the Baby Boomer generation. The supervisors were also more impolite to the generation of nurses. Cynicism and disillusioned attitude was quite clear observable in younger nurses than older nurses general because of financial motivation differences whereby older nurses earn more and feel secure in their jobs having climbed the professional ladder. On the contrary, younger nurses appear to suffer more psychological trauma in comparison to their older counterparts, despite the expected health and emotional resilience attached to the youth (Leiter, Price Spence, 2010). Researchers attribute this burnout phenomenon to the fact that the younger nurses are newer to the hostile workplace environments. Before they join the workplaces, young nurses spirits and imaginations were expecting a supportive and encourage work place that could encourage growth in both career and social environment; nevertheless, overworking and insignificant rest patterns have infuriated the generation X nurses. The socially unwelcoming environment therefore causes them distress and disappointment. Habitual work dissatisfaction easily causes uncivil behavior in work environments leading to poor productivity (Leiter, Price Spence, 2010). The older generation of nurses is more familiar to the hostile environment after adapting to the workplace activities and eventually learning to survive the inhospitable workplace. Many young nurses are quitting the nursing profession due to consistent misunderstanding because of difference in social culture and tactics of solving workplace conflict whereby young nurses feel intimidated by their older peers (Leiter, Price Spence, 2010). The hostility from older coworkers forces younger nurses to withdraw from the workplaces and eventually abandon the profession altogether. Therefore, literary there exists a brain drain in the nursing work profession following high movement of young nurses of the workforce into other professions. Quitting is a major concern for the career, and requires immediate and urgent attention before the profession suffers from serious shortage of nurses. Shortage of nurses could jeopardize the entire health care system with devastating impacts whereby health consumers are likely to face health hazards since nurses administer drugs as directed by physicians. The government and healthcare stakeholders are challenged to change the nursing c ulture in order to attact more young people into the nursing profession. Supervisor social conflict has greater negative impact than coworker incivility on the job dissatisfaction to the nursing profession (Leiter, Price Spence, 2010). Young nurses like to be free and unsupervised since they believe to be qualified to handle nursing profession before graduating and therefore any attempt to monitor and supervise creates a psychological strain that forces female nurses to withdraw from the profession. The decision to change profession is mainly caused by social incoherence that are traceable between superiors and young nurses who hold a different view about decision making and career actualization. Lack of regular motivation is the main cause of social chaos in many healthcare facilities since nurses feel ill-paid and unappreciated for their effort through school and late in work. Job satisfaction is low among the younger nurses because of low pay compared to the economic needs (Leiter, Price Spence, 2010). Research has shown that younger generations of nurses need closer attention than the older generations for them to derive greater satisfaction from their professions. Recurrent psychological reinforcement of the younger nurses shows that they do their work better, and makes them better off and more effective in the work environments. In short, work relationships, psychological well-being, and work performance have a very high correlation to the wellbeing of younger nurses than older nurses. Nursing Leadership Concepts Managing Change Managing change calls for visionary leadership team that can see beyond the traditional leadership roles (Wilson et al., 2008). A team that can deliver this kind of performance has to be multigenerational, so that all perspectives are included in deciphering the opinion of the future. A multigenerational leadership is also all encompassing of all generation and creates a sense of amicable and reassuring coexistence in the nursing community. Leadership vs. Management Leadership and management are two different things. Leadership is the process of inspiring the workforce to achieve certain goals while management is about making the workforce achieve the same goal through a finite strategy. Leadership therefore, calls for greater commitment and involvement as a team to develop the strategy and tactics that can deliver result for the healthcare goal. That is why Wilson and et al. proposes two leadership styles that if applied can help deal with staff retention and provide a mechanism for easier health care service delivery. The first proposition is transformational leadership and the second is transactional leadership. One factor unifies the two; the goal remains similar. In transformational leadership, the top management inspires the staff, as the ultimate human resource that makes important decisions. Recognition is equally an important aspect of motivating nurses to work. In transactional leadership, the workers do not necessarily share in the or ganizations goal; therefore, management has to come up with other methods of making nurse work by using incentives such as bonuses or rewards to motivate the workers to achieve the targets and other measures that can inspire nurses to work and provide efficient services. Overall, leadership is more inclusive while management is more impersonal to the needs of the workers in question. Ethics Nursing Wilson et al. (2008) observes that discrimination is quite popular when preparing the work schedule that usually favors older generation of nurses over the younger generation of nurses who are mostly assigned to inhospitable night shifts and early morning work. Younger generation of nurses are less concern about scheduling if motivational payment is included unlike the Baby Boomer nurses hold schedules with high cultural regard. Older generations are out of favor with the immediately preceding generation. Although this does not suggest that scheduling be strictly in favor of the Boomer generation of nurses, special consideration are necessary so that all groups feel comfortable as they work. Delegation Delegation of duties among nurses is a highly debated topic. A career prospect is one of the issues facing the strain in the nursing profession. Delegation could be one of the most efficient ways to achieve this goal. By delegating, a nurses commitment and loyalty to the profession is increases, and the possibilities of quitting in search of greener pasture reduce. Notwithstanding the widely divergent views on delegation among various leaders, the practice should be help to retain nurses, especially generation X nurses who give more want assurance about personal career growth. Findings Leiter, Price Spence, (2010), have found out that the dominant generation generally feels more comfortable working in the present environment than younger nurses because of the fact that older nurse have adapted to working conditions and the peer teamwork. The major reason for this is the commonality in the values concerning most issues annd therefore the sense of belonging is fostered through the abundant support and sharing among the nurses in the institution among the generation members. Therefore, to close in the generational gap, a change in work environment is necessary to give more attention to the younger generation of nurses who need to get experience to teach the future nurses the practical hospital experience. Possible Solutions There is urgent need to create and cultivate more supportive and fruitful relationships between the conflicting generation of nurses to ensure that work is effective and the workers coexist in a better working environment. Workplace relationships are of key importance to the effectiveness and the job satisfaction the nurses derive from their jobs (Leiter, Price Spence, 2010). There are many victims born of the uncivil relationship between nurses of the different generations (Leiter et al., 2010). Not only do the nurses themselves lack psychological support and motivation in the workplace but also the eventual service delivery to the patients suffers in quality as the battered moods translate to the patients. Leiter, Price Spence, (2010), recommend the implementation of initiatives to cultivate more empathetic work environments. The management of the hospitals is at the prime and paramount position to make sure that this aim is achievable. The better work relationships that will result from such initiatives will develop the nursing culture that creates a greater sense of belonging in the community of nurses in a certain health care facility, and the work performance will increase, as well as job satisfaction the nurses will derive from their work. Dialogue should be nurtured among the various nurses in civil forums where each group can raise their concerns and come up with a solution that works for everybody (Leiter, Price Spence, 2010). Organizational development techniques such as CREW (Civility, Respect, and Engagement in the Workplace) are steps in the right direction, and could achieve results beyond imagination in the creating of more amicable work conditions for nurses of all generations. Programs should exist to ensure that work relationship among different generations take off on the right footing. The relationship between nurses from the beneficial perspective right from the very beginning of the work relationship is necessary. Some of the ideas floated by the researchers include the introduction of graduate mentorship programs. Such initiatives will project the importance each generation has to play in the work environment and grow the relevance and importance each of the generation sees in the other in the work environment. A sense of belonging and community is possible in an environment where the individual roles of each person are recognized and respected, and the position of each individual accepted and given the regard and understanding, it deserves, especially in the case of the younger nurses who are freshly joining the profession. Each generation of nurses holds different perspectives on leadership (Geisen, 2010). Conflict with the management is the single most influential factor to the deterioration in workplace relationships and perspectives in the profession to many young nurses. The senior management needs to realize the diversity in opinion each of the individuals in the workforce brings to the table and consider them in their management styles. The draining of nurses from the profession is reducible using this tactic. According to Wilson et al. (2008), lack of job satisfaction is the one of the major factors forcing nurses to quit the profession anticipating better pay and working conditions in other professionals like the financial sector. Factors that influence job satisfaction include praise and recognition, pay and benefits, satisfaction with scheduling, control, and responsibility. As such, it is of the essence that strategies are in place to ensure nurses and especially the younger nurses who form majority of those abandoning the profession, are working and happy. Information has improved the efficiency of the health care system (Geisen, 2010). Younger nurses are more receptive and proficient in the use of information technology, which some of the older generation of nurses may have considerable skepticism for. This may cause further conflict among the generations. Embracing the ways of thinking of different generations could go a long way in mending the relationship between generations and help in the retention of nurses in the profession. Conclusion One thing is clear from this discussion; the relationship between generations X and baby boomers nurses can only be empowered to greater good of the profession if each generational case is taken into consideration to satisfy every social need. The various needs of all generations of nurses which make them want to quit the profession are easily seen from the extensive research that has been done this far. The ball is now in the policy makers court to go ahead and implement the strategies to ensure crises do not occur in future because of nurses abandoning the profession. Buy custom Challenges in Multi-Generational Staff in the Nursing Profession essay

The Considerations of Pricing Strategies in Multiple Industries Essay

The Considerations of Pricing Strategies in Multiple Industries - Essay Example Burrows (2009) describes the dilemmas at Microsoft company when deciding pricing policy on its many different technology and consumer-oriented products. Microsoft maintains tremendous buying power in its technology market but is facing pricing issues in the midst of a global economic slowdown and rising competition in this market. Microsoft is now wondering, in order to keep sales volumes up and profit at expected levels, whether the business should consider lowering the prices on a wide variety of Microsoft branded products. Says CEO Steve Ballmer of Microsoft, â€Å"we’re focusing on gaining share in (new markets) that are most critical† (Burrows, p.51). Apparently, Microsoft has considerable problems in some markets, such as in Asia, with large volumes of pirating occurring in its computer-related technology marketplaces. Piracy, when customers are able to get their hands on Microsoft products without a proper license, erodes sales success at the company. Therefore, Microsoft considers that in these markets where piracy runs high, they can lower the price of the technology software to make the product less appealing from illegal markets and will bring buyers into the store instead to make a purchase. Even though there is no research evidence which shows that Microsoft has determined a price policy that fits with the company’s leadership expectations, clearly a consideration of pricing is the ability to avoid piracy and also to make products seem more attractive to buyers with fewer resources in order to boost higher sales volumes. Cooper (2009) describes how the regulatory environment impacts pricing, by describing data from the Digital Britain Report.  

Ethics in the Business Research and Reporting Process Paper

Ethics in the Business and Reporting Process - Research Paper Example Ethical Concerns in Business Research and Reporting Plagiarism Business research and reporting, calls for no condoning of plagiarism since it effects badly on the integrity of the business. Plagiarism in business research may include previous reviews, historical researches, methodological and even interpretations of other previous researchers. Every research conducted in business that uses ideas from previous research must acknowledge the source properly. Tenbrunsel and Messick argue that if research is conducted by a group it is unethical for one person to claim responsibility for the finished product. All members who participated in a research should be accorded proper acknowledgement wherever practical (1996). Misuse of Privileged Information In the course of undertaking business research and reporting, the researcher usually comes into contact with privileged information. The use of privileged information may take the form of plagiarism; for instance when information concerning p roposals for grant applications is not kept in confidence by a researcher, or when an editor does not keep draft manuscripts in confidence which may preempt rights of first publication. Such actions may end up depriving the originator of the idea of due acknowledgement and profit. The breaching of confidentiality by a researcher is a serious matter as it may expose the researcher to legal obligations of intellectual theft if the information is subsequently used by unauthorized entities (Pimple, 2008). Data Management There are various ethical issues under data management which the business researcher has to adhere to such as; the integrity of data; the use or misuse of data; access and ownership to data and retention and storage of data. The significance of ensuring the integrity of data cannot be overstated. The giving of false or fabricated data is a serious breach of the ethical standards in business research and reporting. The business researcher will be held accountable for any findings presented which leads to erroneous decision making. The researcher should not release findings which are yet to be confirmed until he has confirmed them. It is the responsibility of the researcher to maintain clear record of his research which would enable a validation of the research conducted (Farell & Fraedrich, 2011). As such the researcher must store his research in a manner which enables other people to easily access it for review. A researcher who errs in the representation of material unknowingly is however exempted from liability unless reckless misconduct can be proved. A good example is a researcher who is supposed to interview 17 people in a firm, he has interviewed 13 but he is wary of getting late for his plane leaving for a holiday in Hawaii. He makes his conclusions based on the 13 which is a breach as the information is potentially misleading. Concerning the use and misuse of data, it is important for the researcher to acquaint himself with the relevant re search methodology and use it in the right way. Ethical standards in reporting and research require that all information that is relevant be included in the final analysis. Disregard of any information should be explained if liability for gross misconduct is to be avoided. Any changes in methodology or protocol in an ongoing research must be sanctioned by management and